Duplicate, Split, and Ineligible Payment Detection in Federal Grant and Healthcare Reimbursement: A Critical Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21590/ijtmh.4.04.06Keywords:
Improper payment; duplicate payment; split payment; ineligibility; federal grants; healthcare reimbursement; program integrity; audit analyticsAbstract
Improper payment remains a continuing financial control problem in public expenditure. Three schemes are repeated across programs – paying the same obligation more than once, dividing an obligation in order to bypass a control threshold, and paying an obligation prohibited under the program rules. The current paper conducts a critical review of how these schemes are conceptualized, detected, and evaluated in federal grants and healthcare reimbursement, two contexts that are ordinarily considered in isolation. Our literature search is confined to peer-reviewed papers, government audit and evaluation reports, program integrity guidance and statutory language from 1986 to 2018. This review is not systematic, nor does it rely on a coded corpus, and therefore the comparisons we offer are qualitative. We propose a typology of these schemes that distinguishes them by the invariant that is violated rather than the artefact that is produced. We explain why detection performance differences between the two settings result from payment architecture: healthcare reimbursement is claim-based and pre-payment adjudicated, and thereby mechanically duplicate detectable, but grants are aggregate and post-payment adjudicated. We review detection methodologies across four generations – exact match, semi-supervised learning, supervised learning, and relational learning – and highlight how few of the evaluations distinguish test from training data or quantify the investigative costs assumed by the methodology. We conclude with an agenda for four deficits: denominator, label, architecture, and capacity.
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